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A
Meet the longest­living vertebrate(脊椎动物)in the world, the Greenland shark.
Found primarily in the very cold waters of the North Atlantic, these slow­swimming sharks can be as big as the largest great whites, reaching up to 21 feet in 're among the largest of carnivorous (食肉的) fish, and yet grow perhaps only a centimeter or so a slow growth yet big size is usually an indicator of a long­lived animal.
“We only expected that the sharks might be very old，” Julius Nielsen, at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, told NPR.“But we did not know in it was, of course, a very big surprise to learn that it was actually the oldest vertebrate animal.”
Imagine being 150 years old before you're ready to have your first child! Imagine being born before the United States was even a humans — who rarely make it to a century mark — it's difficult to fully understand.
Little is known about Greenland sharks, even basics such as where they give birth or how many of them there are, though researchers at a conference at the University of Exeter thought that they may mate in “hidden”Arctic one has even witnessed one hunting, though they have been found to have various vertebrate ones in their stomachs such as polar bear, seals, fast­swimming fish and even moose etc.
Given the shark's incredibly long lifespans, scientists are diving into the sea creature's genome, looking for conference also highlighted the work being done to separate the shark's longevity gene, with complete DNA information gathered from almost 100 sharks, including some born in the such a gene could go a long way in explaining why some vertebrates, like humans, have such limited lifespans.
These sharks also serve as swimming history tissue, bones and DNA could tell us a great deal about the waters of the world from a time before the Industrial Revolution, large­scale commercial fishing and the pronounced ocean pollution we see today.
Check out what it's like to swim with one in this encounter with what is a small and young — and yet to us, still fairly old — Greenland shark.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。科学家们发现格陵兰鲨鱼是世界上最长寿的脊椎动物。
1．What can we know about Greenland sharks from the first two paragraphs?
A．Longest­living, and slow­swimming carnivorous vertebrate.
B．Longest­living, and slowest­swimming vertebrate.
C．Largest, but fast­growing carnivorous vertebrate.
D．Longest­living, largest carnivorous vertebrate but fast­growing.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，格陵兰鲨鱼是世界上最长寿的脊椎动物。根据第二段第一、二句可知，这种鲨鱼游泳缓慢并且食肉。
2．Why were scientists surprised after they examined Greenland shark?
A．Greenland shark can live as old as humans.
B．Greenland shark is the largest animal in the world.
C．Greenland shark can live more than one hundred years.
D．Greenland shark is really the oldest vertebrate in the world.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“a very big surprise to learn that it was actually the oldest vertebrate animal”可知，科学家们因为发现格陵兰鲨鱼是世界上最古老的脊椎动物而感到惊讶。
3．What kind of animals do Greenland sharks prefer?
A．Both polar bear and seal.
B．Only fast­swimming fish.
C．Various vertebrate animals.
D．Polar bear, moose and fish.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句可知，格陵兰鲨鱼喜欢吃各种各样的脊椎动物。
4．What information can we get from the passage?
A．Scientists declare that they have known all about Greenland sharks.
B．Scientists want to get more information about longevity from their study on sharks.
C．Scientists consider sharks can only serve as swimming history books.
D．Scientists just want to know why Greenland sharks have a long life.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第六段可推知，科学家们希望从他们对鲨鱼的研究中获得更多关于长寿的信息。
B
At sunset every day, loud sounds can be heard coming from the sky in a community in East Los Angeles (East L. A．). The noises are from parrots. The colorful birds have become part of everyday life there. “The parrots leave their waste everywhere，” said Havolynn Rose Owaleon. But she and many other community members have gotten used to the birds. Owaleon said, “They are not quiet at all, but you know, it's something that you listen for, because if I don't hear them on a daily basis, then I know something is really wrong.”
Red­crowned parrots are now part of the ecosystem in Southern California. Their ancestors came from Tamaulipas, Mexico, where the parrots are now endangered. The birds were often killed in their native land. But in the United States, they were sold to people as pets. Some of the parrots escaped or were released by their owners.
They have since reproduced and grown in number in an area with large numbers of people. “They are good at making a habitat for themselves in major cities, and this is what happened in Pasadena and East L．A. So these are birds that live pretty much exclusively (专有地) off trees that are also not native to our area，” said Ursula Heise. She teaches at the Department of English of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.
Since arriving in Southern California, the red­crowned parrots have become such permanent fixtures that they are on the California Bird Records Committee's list of birds in the state.
“They've been naturalized as California citizens，” said Heise. She noted that her staff members have put up major buildings and added different kinds of plants in neighborhoods across Southern California.
语篇解读：红冠鹦鹉原来栖息于墨西哥的塔毛利帕斯州，由于经常被猎杀，不得不飞离故土到美国安家，现已成为美国的生态系统的一部分，也得到了人们的保护。
5．What do we know about the parrots in the community in East L．A.?
A．They are in danger of dying out.
B．They join in the daily life there.
C．They are disturbing community members.
D．They play a positive part in the life of the community.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The colorful birds have become part of everyday life there”可知，多姿多彩的鹦鹉已成为那儿日常生活的一部分了。再根据Owaleon所说的话可知，鹦鹉已加入到这个社区的日常生活中了。
6．What caused the red­crowned parrots to leave their homeland?
A．Being hunted.
B．Being kept as pets.
C．Lack of enough food.
D．Being exposed to bad weather.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The birds were often killed in their native land”可知，在红冠鹦鹉的家乡，它们遭到猎杀，被迫离开了家乡。
7．Why can red­crowned parrots live in big cities?
A．They enjoy the air of big cities.
B．The trees in big cities attract them.
C．There are enough food for them to feed on.
D．They have unusual ability to settle themselves.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They are good at making a habitat for themselves in major cities”可知，红冠鹦鹉擅长在大城市中给自己筑巢。所以D项是最佳选项。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Flying immigrants
B．Endangered parrots
C．Keeping parrots as pets
D．Parrots living off trees
解析：选A 标题归纳题。第二段介绍红冠鹦鹉的祖先来自墨西哥的塔毛利帕斯州，在那儿它们已面临灭绝的危险。第三段介绍它们飞往加利福尼亚南部，在那儿大量繁殖和生长，现在已成为美国的生态系统的一部分了。由此可知，这种红冠鹦鹉可称作“飞行的移民”。
C
Have you ever thought about living in a “green” house, one that is healthy for you and your family and helps conserve the Earth's resources? Some people want to build a new home, renovate an existing one, or make a few changes in their living habits. Every household can do something to support the conservation of the environment and improve our quality of life. As environmental concerns continue to increase worldwide, using more green products into our lives becomes more and more important. There is growing interest in green living, and the possibilities for achieving it in our homes are rapidly expanding. Our company's website can show you more about that.
Because buildings need enormous quantities of the Earth's resources in their construction and daily operation, they offer many opportunities for new eco­friendly design as well as cost savings. The Green House shows the combination of architecture, interior­design, and environmental responsibility. Home is where going green begins — where we as individuals have the power to set a new course for a brighter future.
If you are interested in these “green” houses, please contact us and our company will send you more information about them. And we're sure you'll have a surprise.
E­mail：ghouseabc ***@
Phone：3567218/3567219
Fax：3390231
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了有关“Green House”的相关内容，意在宣传推销自己的产品。
9．The main purpose of the passage is to ________.
A．remind people to protect the environment
B．ask people to buy a “green” house
C．give a brief introduction of the “green” house
D．express the writer's own opinion about the environment
解析：选B 写作意图题。文章主要介绍了“green” house以及与之相关的一些内容，其目的在于让人们买他们的产品。
10．From the passage, we can learn that the Green House shows ________.
A．only interior­design and outer appearance of the building
B．the combination of architecture and environmental importance
C．the importance of the Green Movement
D．the combination of architecture, interior­design
解析：选D 细节理解题。第二段第二句指出the Green House展现了“architecture, interior­design, and environmental responsibility”的结合。
11．The underlined word “eco­friendly” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”．
A．friendly to people
B．good for the design of buildings
C．good for the environment
D．friendly to the Green House
解析：选C 词义猜测题。eco­是个前缀，意为“环境的，生态的”，eco­friendly的表面意思是“对生态环境友好的”，也就是“有益于生态环境的”。
12．How many ways can you use to get more information about the products?
A．1. B．2.
C．3. D．4.
解析：选D 细节理解题。第一段最后一句有公司的网址，文章结尾有3种联系方式，因此共有4种方法。
tips 利用构词法解词义猜测题
合成、派生和转化是英语单词的三种构词法，是单词形成的规律，根据构词规律可以准确猜测单词意思。
(1)合成法。合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的规律结合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说，合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思的综合。例如：overestimate是由over(大于)和estimate(估计)组合成的新单词，它的意思是：高估。
(2)派生法。派生法是通过在基础根上添加前缀或者后缀来构造新词。一般来说，前缀改变词义不改变词性，而后缀改变词性不改变词义。常见的前缀有：
①表示否定或者相反意思的前缀dis­， un­， im­， in­， ir­， il­， non­， mis­等用在单词的前面，往往构成原单词的反义词。如：correct→incorrect, legal→illegal, like→unlike等。
②表示“又，再，重新” 的前缀re­，如：rebuild重建，reapply重新申请。
③表示“和……一起，共同”的前缀co­，如：co­worker同事，合作者。
④表示“过于”的前缀over­，如overuse使用过度，overjoyed欣喜若狂。
⑤表示“超级，极”的前缀super­，如：supermarket超级市场，superpower超级大国。
例如上文C篇阅读中第11小题，eco­是个前缀，意为“环境的，生态的”，eco­friendly的表面意思是“对生态环境友好的”，也就是“有益于生态环境的”。
(3)转化法。把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。如：“He insisted on staying up to nurse the child.”中的nurse原为名词“护士”，转化为动词“护理，看护”。