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In Poetry
Definition
Figures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.
the chief functions of figures of speech
to embellish, to emphasize or to clarify.
to give tone or atmosphere to discourse,
to provide vivid examples to stimulate thought
to give life to inanimate objects,
to amuse, or to ornament.
Words are either literal or figurative
Literal 原意
Words used in their original meanings are used literally.
Figurative 比方义
Words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader’s or listener’s mind are used figuratively.
colourful
In “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers
in “a colourful life” or “a colourful career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour.
Figures of Speech (2)
simile
metaphor
personification
metonymy借喻/转喻
Synecdoche提喻法
Antonomasia
euphemism
Hyperbole
litotes
Antithesis
Paradox
12. Oxymoron
13. Epigram
Apostrophe
rhetorical question
16. Irony
17. Sarcasm
18. Satire
19. Ridicule
20. Innuendo
21. Parody
22. Climax
23. Anti-climax
24. Alliteration
25. Assonance半韵
26. Onomatopoeia
27. Transferred epithet
28. Pun
29. Parallelism
30. Repetition
Major figures of speech in poetry
Simile 直喻
Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.
Metaphor 暗喻
A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
Examples
She has a face that's as round as the moon.
Time flies like an arrow.
You run like a rabbit.
Life is a yo-yo . It's a series of ups and downs.
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players.
---------Shakespeare
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Her lips were red, her looks were free,
Her locks were yellow as gold.
Her skin was white as leprosy,
The Nightmare Life-in-Death was she,
Who thicks man's blood with cold.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
她嘴唇腥红，姿色妖艳，
缕缕秀发如金子般耀眼：
 
皮肤却似麻风病人般苍白，
 
她是一个死中之生的梦魇，
 
使人血液凝冻，毛骨悚然
The Waning Moon By Percy  Shelley
And like a dying lady, lean and pale,
Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil,
Out of her chamber, led by the insane
And feeble wanderings of her fading brain,
The moon arose up in the murky east,
A white and shapeless mass.
宛若濒死的女人，清瘦苍白，
步态蹒跚，淡淡轻纱遮掩，
逸出闺阁，由退化中的大脑引领
疯狂虚弱漫游苍天，
虚白无形汇集一团，
残月在阴暗的东方升冉。