文档介绍：核糖核酸
一段溶于水中而折迭成发夹状螺旋构造的部分单股mRNA分子结构。
核糖核酸(英语:Ribonucleic acid,缩写:RNA)是存在于细胞生物的遗传讯息中间载体,并参与蛋白质合成;还参与基因表达调控。对一部分病毒而言,RNA是其唯一的遗传讯息载体。
RNA是由核糖核苷酸经磷酸双酯键缩合而成长链状分子。一个核糖核苷酸分子由磷酸,核糖和含氮碱基构成。RNA的碱基主要有四种,即腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)和尿嘧啶(U),另外还有多种特殊碱基存在于特定类型RNA。
与脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)不同的是,RNA一般为单股长分子,但在一般水溶液中会形成分子内双螺旋结构。此外,RNA本身也需要通过碱基配对原则形成一定的二级结构乃至三级结构来行使生物学功能。RNA的碱基配对规则基本上和DNA相同,不过其中尿嘧啶在配对上的作用,相当于DNA中的胸腺嘧啶。
在细胞中,根据结构功能的不同,RNA主要分三类,即tRNA、rRNA,以及mRNA。mRNA是依据DNA序列转录而成的蛋白质合成模板;tRNA是mRNA上遗传密码的识别者和氨基酸的转运者;rRNA是组成核糖体的部分,而核糖体是蛋白质合成的机械。
细胞中还有许多种类和功能不一的小型RNA,像是组成剪接体(spliceosome)的snRNA,负责rRNA成型的snoRNA,以及参与RNAi作用的miRNA与siRNA等,可调节基因表现。而其他如I、II型内含子、RNase P、HDV、核糖体RNA等等都有催化生化反应过程的活性,即具有酶的活性,这类RNA被称为核酶。
RNA
A hairpin loop from a pre-mRNA. Highlighted are the bases (light green) and backbone (sky blue).
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. RNA is very similar to DNA, but differs in a few important structural details: in the cell, RNA is usually single-stranded, while DNA is usually double-stranded; RNA nucleotides contain ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom); and RNA has the base uracil rather than thymine that is present in DNA.
RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes. RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. Here, a type of RNA called messenger RNA carries information from DNA to structures called ribosomes. These ribosomes are made from proteins and ribosomal RNAs, e together to form a molecular machine that can read messenger RNAs and translate the information they carry into proteins. There are many RNAs with other roles – in particular regulating which genes are expressed, but also as the genomes of most viruses.
Contents
1 Structure
parison with DNA
3 Synthesis
4 Types of RNA
Overview
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