文档介绍：高中有机化学方程式总结
烷烃
CnH2n+2+O2nCO2+(n+1)H2O(n≥1)
CH4 + Cl2CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl + Cl2CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + l4+ HCl
CH4C +2H2
CH3COONa + NaOHCH4↑+ Na2CO3(甲烷实验室制法)
烯烃
CnH2n+O2nCO2+nH2O(烯烃,n≥2;环烷烃,n≥3)
2CH2=CH2 + O22CH3CHO
CH2=CH2 + Br2→CH2BrCH2Br
CH2=CH2 + H2OCH3CH2OH
CH2=CH2 + HXCH3CH2X
CH2=CH2 + H2CH3CH3
CH3CH=CH2+HClCH2-CHCl-CH3(马氏规则)
CH2=CH-CH=CH2+H2CH3-CH=CH-CH3(1,4加成,主要)
CH2=CH-CH=CH2+H2CH3-CH2-CH=CH3(1,2加成,次要)
nCH2=CH2-[CH2-CH2]- n
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2-[CH2-CH=CH-CH2]- n
CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2↑+ H2O(乙烯实验室制法)
烯烃被氧化的部位
酸性KMnO4溶液
氧化产物
CH2=
CO2
RCH=
RCOOH
RR’C=
RR’C=O
炔烃
CnH2n-2+O2nCO2+(n-1)H2O(炔烃,n≥2;二烯烃,n≥3)
HC≡CH+Br2→CHBr=CHBr,CHBr=CHBr+Br2→CBr2CBr2
CH≡CH + H2CH3CH3
CH≡CH + HXCH2=CHX
CH≡CH + H2OCH3CHO
CH≡CHCO2+H2O
nCH≡CH-[CH2=CH2]- n
CaC2 + 2H2OCH≡CH↑+ Ca(OH)2(乙炔实验室制法)
炔烃被氧化的部位
酸性KMnO4溶液
氧化产物
CH≡
CO2
RC≡
RCOOH
苯及其同系物
CnH2n-6+O2nCO2+(n-3)H2O(n≥6)
+Br2+ HBr
+HO-NO2+ H2O(硝化)
+HO-SO3H+ H2O(磺化)
+3H2
+3H2
+3HO-NO2+ 3H2O
(a-C连有H)
卤代烃
CH3CH2Br + H2OCH3CH2OH + HBr(卤代烃的水解)
CH3CH2Br + NaOHCH3CH2OH + NaBr
CH3CH2Br+ NaOHCH2=CH2↑+ NaBr +H2O
CH3CH2CHBrCH3+NaOHCH3CH=CHCH3+NaBr+H2O(扎依采夫规则)
醇
CnH2n+2O+O2nCO2+(n+1)H2O(饱和一元醇、醚,n≥1)2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO + 2H2O
2CH3CHOHCH3+O22 + 2H2O
2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa + H2↑
CH3CH2ONa+ H2O→CH3CH2OH+ NaOH(醇钠的水解)
CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2↑+ H2O(分子内脱水,b-H)
2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2-O-CH2CH3+ H2O(分子间脱水)
CH3CH2CHOH