文档介绍：(二)通则的适用范围

、商事规则或类似的法律管辖

(三)通则的内容和结构
第二章合同法第一节概述
一、合同的定义和特征
(一)中国
(二)大陆法
(三)英美法
二、合同法与各国编制体系
三、《合同通则》
(一)国际商事合同的界定

(四)总则

(1)缔约自由原则
(2)合同必须信守原则
(3)诚实信用和公平交易原则
(4)强制性规则优先原则
第二节合同的成立
一、西方国家合同有效成立的要件
(一)合意(agreement)
(二)缔约能力

(三)对价与约因

(1)概念
· Louisa W. Hamer v. Franklin Sidway
S. agreed with W., his nephew, plaintiff's assignor, that if he would refrain from drinking liquor, using o, swearing and playing cards or billiards for money until he should e twenty-one years of age he would pay him $ 5,000. W. performed his part of the agreement; he became of age in 1875. Soon thereafter he wrote to S. advising him of such performance, stating that the sum specified was due him, and asking payment. S. replied admitting the agreement and the performance and stating that he had the money in bank, set apart, which he proposed to hold for W. until the latter was capable of taking care of it. It was thereupon agreed between the parties that the money should remain in the hands of S. on interest.
It is not essential in order to make out a good consideration for a promise to show that the promisor was benefited or the promisee injured; a waiver on the part of the latter of a legal right is sufficient.
(2)有效的对价必须具备的条件:
.
( executory consideration)或已履行的对价(executed consideration).
·待履行的对价:双方当事人允诺在将来履行的对价
promise—(counter)promise
·已履行的对价(executed consideration)
promise—act or forbearance. 允诺在前,
行动在后
·过去的对价(past consideration): 发生在允诺作出之前的对价. 行动在前,
允诺在后
C. Consideration must be sufficient but not need to be adequate.
Schnell v. Nell(1861)
被告的妻子临死前表示希望从她的遗产中拨出600美元赠与原告,但是被告的妻子在法律上并无遗产,于是被告与原告约定:原告给付被告一美分,被告以分期付款的方式向原告给付600美元。后来被告拒绝给付。原告起诉。
问:被告所作的允诺是否一个有效的对价?
(pre-existing)或法律上的义务不能作为对价.
Stilk v. Myrick(1806)
某船在远洋途中有两名船员逃跑,船长向其余的船员允诺,只要大家努力把船开到目的港,就把逃跑船员的工资分给大家。船到目的港后,船长拒绝兑现诺言。
Hartley v. Po