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语言文字应用 1999 年第 1 期(总第 29 期)
“字”和汉语语义句法的生成机制
徐通锵
提要现成性、离散性和语言社团中的心理现实性是确定语言基本结构单位的客观
标准。汉语符合这一标准的结构单位是字。字是语言中有理据性的最小结构单位, 始终顽
强地坚持它的表义性, 因而以此为基础而形成的语法只能是语义句法。它的生成机制是以
核心字为基础, 通过向心、离心两种结构形式逐层扩展, 形成各级字组。字组中的语汇性意
义大体上可以分为并列和主从两种类型,“开天辟地”之类的四字格就是这两种类型的语
汇性意义融化为一的结果。字组中最重要的语法性意义是施动(自动) 和使动, 是生成汉语
语句的结构基础。从字组到句子, 原来在组合中一些隐而不现的语境、语用之类的因素会
渗入句子的结构, 因而语句的生成需要找出其间的联结点: 有定性范畴。它在汉语中主要
表现为句首的话题或可以移至句首充当话题的结构成分。“话题——说明”的基本语义关
系是施动和使动, 现在语法书中所说的“动补结构”和“连谓结构”就是古汉语使动式的历
史变异。
Ch inese z i and the generative m echan ism of seman tic-
syn tax in Ch inese
X u T ong qiang
Abstract R eady m adeness, discreteness and p sycho logical reality of
m un ity are the objective standards that define basic structu ral un it in a language. It is zi
in the Ch inese language that confo rm s to these standards. A s the sm allest structu ral u
nit w ith mo tivation in Ch inese, zi adheres to its function of exp ressing m ean ing w ith
consistent adam ancy. So the gramm ar on the basis of zi can on ly be sem an tic syn tax,
w ho se generative m echan ism is that, on the basis of nuclear zi, a zi can be expanded to
be zi group s of differen t rank s th rough endocen tric o r exocen tric structu ral fo rm s. T he
vocabulary m eaning of zi group s can be divided in to two k inds: coo rdinative and subo r
dinative. A nd four zi pattern such as“kai tian p i di”is ju st the resu lt of m ix ing of these
two k inds of m ean ing. Among the gramm atical m ean ings of zi group , the agen tive and
本文原是应邀在清华大学举行的“1998 中文信息处理国际会议”上所作的大会专题发言的讲演稿, 会
后对它作了一些修改和补充。承鲁川教授指正多处, 谨此致谢。
1999 年第 1 期· 23·
© 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.
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causative are the mo st impo rtan t ones becau se they are the structu ral basis in generat
ing a sentence in the Ch inese language. W hen several zi group s fo rm a sen tence, som e
circum stantial o r p ragm a