文档介绍：Chapter IV
Feudal English
I. Feudal Monarchy (1066—1295)
II. Weaken the Feudal
System (1337—1485)
I. Feudal Monarchy
1. Consolidation of Monarchy
2. The basis of English
liberties---- “Great Charter”
3. the beginning of Parliament
1. Consolidation of Monarchy
1) House of Normandy
sons of William I Robert
William II
Henry
William I William II Henry I Stephen
Henry I (1100---1120)
a. He introduced several administrative and
judicial reforms.
b. He kept peace in the country.
2) House of Anjou (安茹王朝)
Henry II ( 1154—1189)
a. He was a powerful ruler---
b. a special tax and hire professional soldiers.
c. He reformed the courts and their law.
“itinerant justices” and “ mon law”
Henry’s jury system
d. the conflict with Becket
Henry II Richard John Henry III
Edward II Edward I
这场战争被罗马梵蒂冈赋予了宗教战争的性质,号召从异教徒(穆斯林)手中夺回圣城耶路撒冷。因尔也被形象的比喻为“十字架反对弓月”。参加战争的士兵佩有十字标志,因此称为十字军。
参加东征的各个集团都有自己的目的。封建主和骑士想扩张领地;意大利的威尼斯、热那亚、比萨等地的商人想控制地中海东部的商业;而罗马教皇想合并东正教,扩大天主教的势力范围;许多农民受到教会和封建主的宣传,想到东方去寻找乐土。
十字军东征对地中海沿岸国家人民带来了深重灾难,西欧各国人民也损失惨重。几十万十字军死亡。同时梵蒂冈和封建主却取得了大量的财富。但是另一方面,十字军东征也促进了东西方文化的交流,加速了西欧手工业、商业的发展。
十字军东征
Lionheart. Richard (1189-99) is known to history as "Coeur de Lion", or Lionheart, because of his bravery in battle. He was without a doubt a great warrior, but he was a very poor king for England. In his ten year reign he spent only tem months in England, and that only to raise money for his foreign wars. He fought brilliantly and cruelly in the Third Crusade, and was captured on his way home by a personal enemy, Leopold of Austria.
Both Philip of France and Richard's brother and regent John bid for his ransom. John won and Richard was freed only to die a short time later fighting in France. Richard's later popularity rests as much on romantic wishful thinking as it does on facts. During his reign, however, the first known merchant guild was founded, in 1193. The guilds were to play a major role in medieval society, as we shall see.
2. The “Great Charter”(