文档介绍：Chapter Six
Word Formation I
Introduction
We have discussed that the borrowing plays an active role in the expansion of vocabulary. In modern times, vocabulary is largely enriched on an internal basis, that is through word formation.
Morphological structure
Allomorphs
Types of Morphemes
Root and Stem
Morphological structure
It is generally agreed that a word is the smallest with of a language.
However, in linguistics, we have learned that morpheme is the smallest meaningful units. Thus, the morpheme is “the smallest functioning unit in position of words/ the minimal distinctive unit of grammar and the central concern of morphology. For example:
Denaturalization: de+ nature + al+ ize + ation
Allomorphs I
Morphemes, like phonemes, are abstract units, which are realized by discrete units known as morphs, they are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.
Most morphemes are realized by single morphs, but many take various shape or forms.
Some morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. They are called mono-morphemic words.
Allomorphs II
Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For example:
{ -s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context. In cats [s] bags [z] matches [iz]
{in} has different allomorphs in different contexts, as indirect [in], incorrect [iŋ], illegal [il], impossible [im], irregular [ir]
Types of Morphemes
There are different ways of classifying morphemes. The popular method is to group them into free morphemes and bound morphemes according to their character.
Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix
According to the functions of affixes, they can be divided into inflectional and derivational affixes.
Derivational affixes: prefixes and suffixes
Free Morphemes
Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes plete meaning