文档介绍：Chapter 10
Nonideal Solutions
Physical Chemistry
Simple Solution
Models for Nonelectrolyte
Activity Coefficients
Nonideal Solutions
W depends on T and P but not on the mole fractions.
let z be the number of nearest neighbors of each molecule in the array. The intermolecular-interaction energy is approximated as the sum of nearest-neighbor interactions.
()
If BB, CC, and BC are the interaction energies for adjacent B-B, C-C, and B-C pairs, respectively.
The energy of mixing
Physical Chemistry
Nonideal Solutions
where
For two liquids B and C whose molecules have similar sizes and shapes,
Models for Nonelectrolyte
Activity Coefficients
Physical Chemistry
Nonideal Solutions
simple solution model
()
(Problem )
Models for Nonelectrolyte
Activity Coefficients
Redlich-Kister equation (Margules equation)
Physical Chemistry
()
Nonideal Solutions
simple solution model
()
Models for Nonelectrolyte
Activity Coefficients
Redlich-Kister equation (Margules equation)
Physical Chemistry
Solutions of Electrolytes
Nonideal Solutions
Non-electrolyte solutions
The solute is not present as ions
Electrolyte solutions
The solute is ionized and the ions generally interact strongly with each other.
()
Numbers of ions in the chemical formula (integers)
Charges of ions in the chemical formula
2:1 electrolyte
1:2 electrolyte
2:2 electrolyte
Physical Chemistry
Chemical Potentials in Electrolyte Solutions
Nonideal Solutions
Since + and - are not measurable, define i (the chemical potentials of the electrolyte as a whole) in solution
()
()
()
Physical Chemistry
Chemical Potentials in Electrolyte Solutions
Nonideal Solutions
()
Similar definition for other partial molar properties of the electrolyte as a whole.
()
()
from
Physical Chemistry
Chemical Potentials in Electrolyte Solutions
Nonideal Solutions
()
()
Keep T, P, and nA constant and using
()
(10.