文档介绍：议论文包括三个要素:论点、论据和论证。论点是作者对所议论的问题所持的见解和主张,论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理,论证是用论据证明论点的过程,也就是论述的方法。它有:归纳法,推理法、人们常用的方法是对照法,即把正反两方面相互对照,然后加以分析,以说明事物;驳论法,先列出错误观点,然后加以逐条批驳,最后阐明自己的观点。
议•论•
文
议论文有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。但记述和描写是为论点提供根据的。因此,叙述是概括的,描写是简要的。
议论文体的书面表达试题一般都有具体要点(即论点或论据)的限定,并不需要考生纵横捭阖、旁征博引。但是,一篇100字左右的议论文,同样要求逻辑严密、结构清晰、语言洗练;必须论有中心,言而有据。下面先从其篇章结构方面谈谈写好一篇小议论文的基本方法与技巧。
一、篇章结构
主题句正面论述反面论述结论
指论点指论据
(实事和道理)
就[学校规定(课余时间学生只能呆在自己的教室里)]的话题展开论述,步骤如下:
[There is nowadays much
discussion about whether
or not children should
stay in their own class-
rooms during break times.]
Personally I believe that
children can never be kept in the classrooms between classes.
表明作者观点
第一段
正面论述
“课间不能只呆在教室里”的理由。
I would argue that break times are our only opportunity to choose what we want to do…
第二段
第三段
批驳反面观点或进一步阐述正面观点
Another reason why people say that children have to stay in their own classes at break times is that it would be difficult anize dinners if they are out.
[最后]
用
不
同
的
语
言
再
次
强
调
正
面
观
点
。
2. 确保论证直接为主题服务
在上例中,“学生课间不能只呆在自己的教室里”是主题句,论述时应该牢牢抓住这一中心。切不可跑题,写成流水账,使中心涣散。如:
也许有同学会这样写:“学生若在课间大范围地活动,就可交到更多的朋友,交到更多朋友就可以学习到更多知识,学到更多知识就可对社会做出更大贡献”。这种论述方式每一句都是对前一句的承接,貌似环环相扣,承前启后,实际上是中心涣散的流水账。
3. 确立并写好分论点
分论点一般置于段首;以保证文章纲举目张、条理清晰。如:
使用互联网的益处
和沟通
Some students regard it as a great helper. Since there is a lot of information on line, you can surf the for any information you need in a short time without working hard in the library. It is also
very convenient municate with others by using the ,
Continued
使用互联网的弊端
内容良莠兼有
沉迷网络游戏会影响学业
过多使用会影响健康
However, other students think that there is some information on line that is not good for the students. In addition, spending too much time playing games on line will not only have a bad effect on study but also do harm to our health.
Therefore, we should make proper use of the . It is of great importance for us to separate good plants from wild weeds.
结论
Practice (31)
现在很多中学生出国留学。据环球时报报道,澳大利