文档介绍：Grelle, B. and Metzger, D. (2004). Beyond socialization and multiculturalism: Rethinking the task of citizenship education in a pluralistic society. Retrieved 6/19/2006 from http://members./se/6003/.
Beyond Socialization and Multiculturalism:Rethinking the Task of Citizenship Education in a Pluralistic Society
Bruce Grelle and Devon Metzger
Most contemporary social studies educators view their educational role as passing on or transmitting to their students the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are shaped and determined by the status quo (Leming 1989). As Sears and Parson (1991) have observed, "Most teachers view social studies as a vehicle to promote socialization and to prepare students to conform to the existing social structure, both in the school and society" (48). This standard socialization approach to social studies education-defined as "citizenship transmission" by Barr, Barth, and Shermis (1977)-is the generally accepted and historical practice that has, for more than seventy-five years, dominated social studies classrooms throughout our nation's schools.
The following summary, based on Leming's research, offers a description of the different aspects of the socialization role played by many social studies teachers (Leming 1989, 404-405):
• Teach students to observe the mores of munity.
• Teach students to conform to the role of the good citizen, ., basic literacy, good work habits, self discipline, academic excellence, and personal growth.
• Prepare students for the next rung of the educational ladder.
• Help students maintain positive attitudes toward American institutions.
• Steer away from value questions and controversial issues.
• Limit student access to material that challenges the existing social structure, ., material that focuses on the injustices and inadequacies of economic and political institutions.
• Control knowledge to prevent the development of cynicism in students and to help achieve quiet manageabl