文档介绍：Evolution and Human Behavior 32 (2011) 172–178
Original Article
Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior:
a field experiment
Max Ernest-Jonesa, tleb, Melissa Batesonb,⁎
aSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
bCentre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Initial receipt 6 May 2010; final revision received 23 October 2010
Abstract
Laboratory studies have shown that images of eyes can cause people to behave more cooperatively in some economic games, and in a
previous experiment, we found that eye images increased the level of contributions to an honesty box. However, the generality and
robustness of the eyes effect is not known. Here, we extended our research on the effects of eye images on cooperative behavior to a
novel context—littering behavior in a university cafeteria—and attempted to elucidate the mechanism by which they work, by displaying
them both in conjunction with, and not associated with, verbal messages to clear one's litter. We found a halving of the odds of littering
in the presence of posters featuring eyes, pared to posters featuring flowers. This effect was independent of whether the poster
exhorted litter clearing or contained an unrelated message, suggesting that the effect of eye images cannot be explained by their drawing
attention to v