文档介绍：OBSERVATIONS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS FROM
TWO NEUTRINOS TO THE STANDARD MODEL
Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1988
by
LEON M. LEDERMAN
The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
I. Introduction
My colleagues Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger and I, sharing the
1988 Nobel Award, were faced with a dilemma. We could, in Rashomon -like
fashion, each describe the two-neutrino experiment (as it became known) in
his own style, with his own recollections, in the totally objective manner of
true scientists. Whereas this could be of some interest to sociologists and
anthropologists, this definitely would run the risk of inducing boredom and
so we decided on a logical division of effort. Dr. Schwartz, having left the
field of physics a decade ago, would concentrate on the origins and on the
details of the original experiment. Dr. Steinberger would concentrate on
the exploitation of neutrino beams, a field in which he has been an out-
standing leader for many years. I volunteered to discuss “the rest,” a hasty
decision which eventually crystallized into a core theme-how the two-
neutrino discovery was a crucial early step in assembling the current world
view of particle physics which we call “the Standard Model.” Obviously,
even a “first step” rests on a pre-existing body of knowledge that could also
be addressed. My selection of topics will not only be subjective, but it will
also be obsessively personal as befits the awesome occasion of this award
ceremony.
I will relate a sequence of experiments which eventually, perhaps even
tortuously contributed to the Standard Model, that elegant but still -
plete summary of all subnuclear knowledge. This model describes the 12
basic fermion particles, six quarks and six leptons, arranged in three gen-
erations and subject to the forces of nature carried by 12-gauge bosons. My
own experimental work brought me to such accelerators as the Nevis
Synchrocyclotron (SC); the Cosmotron and Alte