文档介绍：手卫生与职业安全
复旦大学中山医院
上海市院内感染质控中心
高晓东
日本发生历史最大的一次瘟疫-诺瓦克(norovirus)病毒
秋田市政府职员食用了一饭馆在11日至13日加工的外卖盒饭后,从12日起陆续有52名职员出现呕吐和腹泻的中毒症状。在14日夜,当地卫生防疫部门检测出了诺瓦克病毒。
大馆市日本大馆市也传出了当地8所中小学校内发生了集体食物中毒事件,共有340多名师生出现了中毒症状。大馆市卫生防疫部门也在16日从14名中毒人员的排泻物中检测出了诺瓦克病毒。
北海道上川町也发生了167名住宿在层云峡观光旅馆的观光客集体食物中毒的情况。
日本国立传染病研究所表示,根据全国约3000个医疗机构上报的数据统计,截止到12月3日,全国共有65638人感染疫情,。根据各地的人口和病毒流行情况可推算出,以儿童为主的日本各地的患者至少已经达到303万9千人.
流行病学
1996-2000年,美国CDC报告了348起集体性诺沃克病毒性胃肠炎暴发疫情,其中136起(39%)发生在饭店,101起(29%)发生在疗养院或医院,42起(12%)发生在学校和托幼机构,还有10%发生在度假场所和游船上。
近年来,集体性诺沃克病毒性胃肠炎暴发疫情在欧洲、亚洲、澳洲等地也频频出现。
2004年11月-2005年1月,日本报告236起集体性感染胃肠炎疫情,发病7821人,其中查出感染诺沃克病毒者5371人,死亡12人。
对付“诺瓦克”的绝招——洗手再洗手
After petting a
dog or cat
Before handling or
eating food
After coughing
or sneezing
After using the bathroom
in your home
After changing
a diaper
After handling
money
After using a
public restroom
Hand Washing HabitsHow Frequently Do Americans Say They Are Washing Their Hands?
Always wash my hands
(Usually wash my hands)
– Total Sample –
Q: I am going to read you a list of activities and I’d like you to tell me how often you make it a practice of washing your hands. How often do you wash your hands after…
2005
42%
(16%)
2005
77%
(14%)
2005
32%
(23%)
2005
83%
(10%)
2005
73%
(4%)
2005
91%
(6%)
2005
21%
(18%)
In 1846, Ignaz Semmelweis observed that women whose babies were delivered by students and physicians in the First Clinic at the General Hospital of Vienna consistently had a higher mortality rate than those whose babies were delivered by midwives in the Second Clinic. Perhaps because of the known deodorizing effect of pounds, as of May 1847, he insisted that students and physicians clean their hands with a chlorine solution between each patient in the clinic. The maternal mortality rate in the First Clinic subsequently dropped dramatically and remained low for years.
我院某科室医院感染爆发