文档介绍：Sampling, Regression, Experimental Design and
Analysis for Environmental Scientists,
Biologists, and Resource Managers
2006
C. J. Schwarz
Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University
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August 7, 2006
Contents
4 Sampling 2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Difference between sampling and experimental design . . 3
Why sample rather than census? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Principle steps in a survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Probability sampling vs. non-probability sampling . . . . 4
The importance of randomization in survey design . . . . 6
Model vs Design based sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Overview of Sampling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Simple Random Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Systematic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cluster sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Multi-stage sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Multi-phase designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Repeated Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR) . . 25
Summary of main results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Estimating the Population Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Estimating the Population Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Estimating Population Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Example - estimating total catch of fish in a recreational
fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
What is the population of interest? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30