文档介绍：新疆师范大学
硕士学位论文
试论南宗禅修模式的演变历史及其原因和特点
姓名:黄琴
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:美术学
指导教师:刘仲康
2010-06-16
中文摘要
禅、禅定、禅悟在称谓上有区别,但都是一种心理现象和精神体验。禅最
初来源于印度,并不断地中国化,形成了具有中国特色的南宗禅。南宗禅提倡
顿悟的禅修模式,其宗旨是“教外别传、不立文字、直指人心、见性成佛”,对
中国佛学的发展产生了深远的影响。
南宗禅修模式的演变过程主要经历了祖师禅、文字禅、看话禅、默照禅和
念佛禅。形成于晚唐五代时期的祖师禅认为禅就是日常生活,以触境、棒喝、
机锋、体势、呵佛骂祖形式参禅。宋代士大夫的参禅活动形成了文字禅,采用
颂古、代别、拈古、评唱形式采取禅意。针对文字禅的晦涩难懂,宋代宗杲看
话禅兴起,探究话头,滞于公案。同时期宏智正觉批判看话禅提出默照禅,以
默照、打坐方式禅修。在禅教合一、禅净合一思想影响下,自五代延寿提出念
佛禅修之后,元、明时期兴起念佛禅,这标志着禅学思想停滞发展,禅净合一,
代表着单纯一色的禅宗时代结束。文章从社会历史的变迁、禅僧群体的文化水
平和生活方式等方面来阐述南宗禅修模式的演变原因,认为其禅修模式的灵活
性是南宗禅能够压倒其他佛教派别而繁荣兴盛、影响深远的内在因素,同时认
为宗教的开放性和适应性是其不断演变的重要条件。
文章通过阐述南宗禅修模式的演变过程及其原因,论证了宗教的存在和发
展是与一定的社会历史发展阶段和人们的现实需要相适应的,遵循着社会历史
发展规律。我们对于宗教的基本态度应该是尊重它的存在,并对其加以正确的
引导,发挥宗教积极的社会和心理调适功能,让宗教服务于社会和谐。
关键词:南宗禅;禅修模式;演变
I
Abstract
In spite of the different tittle, the Zen, Zending and Zenwu are all a kind of
psychological phenomenon and spiritual experience. Zen originated from India, and
formed the South-sect Zen which demonstrated Chinese features while devoloping in
China. The South-sect Zen advocated the satori mode of Zen practicing, and it’s
purpose was “keeping inside, no words, to hearts and ing buddha”, which
affected the latter Chinese buddha devolopment deeply.
The evolution of South-sect Zen practicing prised Zushi-Zen,
Word-Zen, Seewords-Zen, Mozhao-Zen and Blessing-Zen. The Zushi-Zen which
appeared in late Tang-dynasty thought that Zen was daily life, and it feeled Zen with
Touching bord, Scolding, Jifeng, Tishi, Praising buddha and disdaining ancestor. The
officials in Song dynasty formed the Word-Zen by their Zen actions. While the
Word-Zen was too difficult to understand, the Seewords-Zen appeared in Song
dynasty. At that time, Hongzizhenjue critisized the Seewords-Zen and put forward to
Mozhao-Zen, a way of practicing Buddhism by meditating. The pure Zen
age was over after Yanshou’s view of Blessing-Zen appe