文档介绍：Page i
ic Programming
Page ii
Complex Adaptive Systems
John H. Holland, Christopher Langton, and Stewart W. Wilson, advisors
Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with
Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence, MIT Press edition
John H. Holland
Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European
Conference on Artificial Life
edited by Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine
ic Programming: On the Programming puters by
Means of Natural Selection
John R. Koza
Page iii
ic Programming
On the Programming puters by Means of Natural Selection
John R. Koza
A Bradford Book
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
Page iv
Sixth printing, 1998
© 1992 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying,
recording, or information storage or retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
Set from disks provided by the author.
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
The programs, procedures, and applications presented in this book have been included for their instructional value. The publisher and the
author offer NO WARRANTY OF FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE and accept no liability with
respect to these programs, procedures, and applications.
Pac-Man®—© 1980 Namco Ltd. All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Koza, John R.
ic programming: on the programming puters by means of natural selection/
John R. Koza.
p. cm.—(Complex adaptive systems)
"A Bradford book."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-262-11170-5
1. Electronic puters—Programming. I. Title. II. Series.
1992
—dc20 92-25785
CIP
Page v
to my mother and father
Page vii
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
1 1
Introduction a