文档介绍：Lectures Notes on puting and Quantum
Information Theory for Non-Physicists
Dan C. Marinescu and Gabriela M. Marinescu
Computer Science Department
School of Electrical Engineering puter Sciences,
University of Central Florida
Email: [dcm,magda]***@
March 4, 2003
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Contents
1 Observing the Quantum World 7
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A Qubit of History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Probabilities and Quantum States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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Measurements and Collapsing of Superposition States onto Basis States . . . . 23
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2 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 28
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’sDouble-SlitExperiment.......................... 33
-GerlachExperiment.......................... 37
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
....................... 43
Quantum Observables. Quantum Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Quantum Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The Spectral position of an Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Second Postulate. The Dynamics of a Quantum System . . . . . . . . . . 55
The Schematic Derivation of Schr¨odinger’sEquation............... 56
;MeasurementsofObservables............... 61
3 Qubits 64
The Qubit, a Very Small Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The Bloch Sphere Representation of One Qubit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .