文档介绍：Recent
Advances
in
Photonic
Devices
for
puting
Hossin
Abdeldayem,
Donald
O.
Frazier,
Mark
S.
Paley,
and
William
K.
Witherow
NASA
Marshall
Space
Flight
Center,
Space
Sciences
Laboratory
Huntsville,
al
35812
phone:
(256)
544-3494
e-mail:
hossin.******@
Introduction
Computers
have
enhanced
human
life
to
a
great
extent.
The
speed
of
puters
is
achieved
by
miniaturizing
ponents
to
a
very
small
micron-size
scale
so
that
those
electrons
need
to
travel
only
very
short
distances
within
a
very
short
time.
The
goal
of
improving
puter
speed
has
resulted
in
the
development
of
the
Very
Large
Scale
Integration
(VLSI)
technology
with
smaller
device
dimensions
and
plexity.
Last
year,
the
smallest-to-
date
dimensions
of
VLSI
reached
µm
by
researchers
at
Lucent
Technology.
Whereas
VLSI
th
technology
has
revolutionized
the
electronics
industry
and
established
the
20
century
as
the
computer
age,
increasing
usage
of
the
demands
better
modation
of
a
10
to
15
percent
per
month
growth
rate.
Additionally,
our
daily
lives
demand
solutions
to
increasingly
sophisticated
plex
problems,
which
requires
more
speed
and
better
performance
of
computers.
For
these
reasons,
it
is
unfortunate
that
VLSI
technology
is
approaching
its
fundamental
limits
in
the
sub-micron
miniaturization
process.
It
is
now
possible
to
fit
up
to
300
million
transistors
on
a
single
silicon
chip.
It
is
also
estimated
that
the
number
of
transistor
switches
that
can
be
put
onto
a
chip
doubles
every
18
months.
Further
miniaturization
of
lithography
introduces
several
problems
such
as
dielectric
breakdown,
hot
carriers,
and
short
channel
effects.
All
of
these
1
bine
to
seriously
degrade
device
reliability.
Even
if
developing
technology
eeded
in
temporarily
ing
these
physical
problems,
we
will
continue
to
face
them
as
long
as
increasing
demands
fo