文档介绍：Cousins&Bridenbaugh,3rdEditionHISTORY1885Corning-Firstattemptwithepiduralcocaine1891Quincke-Describesthelumbarpuncturetechnique1901useofcocaineasanepiduralagentforhumansanddogsreportedAlternativetogeneralanesthesia1921Pagis--merciallyavailable1979Cousins-Epiduralopioidsprovideanalgesia1983Yaksh-Differentspinalreceptorsystemsmediatingpain1985UniversityofKiel,Germany,Anesthesiologymanagedacutepost-operativepainserviceInterestwanesasinhalantanesthesiagainsfavorCurrentRoleSignificantroleinmodernveterinaryandhumananesthesiaandanalgesiaImportantaspectof“balancedanesthesia”(.,septicemia,bacteremia).-----------------------------LevelLowerextremitiesT-12HipT-10Vagina,uterusT-10Bladder,prostateT-10LowerextremitieswithtourniquetT-8Testis,ovariesT-8LowerintraabdominalT-6OtherintraabdominalT-4