文档介绍：Chapter3Surface-structureDeviation    ---earlytomid20thcenturywiththedevelopmentofstructuralism,“levels”modelwasappliedtolanguageinvestigation.---phoneme/grapheme-morpheme-word-utterance/sentence/discourse/text(Jeffries,2006)        ,thefollowingphonologicalirregularitiesstillneedtobenoted.        1)Aphesis-theomissionofaninitialpartofaword,.    (1)Thouonwhosestream,'midthesteepsky'scommotion,    Loosecloudslikeearth'sdecayingleavesareshed,    (,OdetotheWestWind)    2)Syncope-theomissionofamedialpartofaword,.    (2)Avoicesothrillingne'erwasheard    Inspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,    Breakingthesilenceoftheseas    AmongthefarthestHebrides.    (Wordsworth,TheSolitaryReaper)    3)Apocope-theomissionofafinalpartofaword,.    (3)Tilla'theseasgangdry,mydear,    Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun    Iwilllovetheestill,mydear,    Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.        -standardPronunciation    (5)"MayGodstarveyeyet,"yelledanoldIrishwomanwhonowthrewopenanearbywindowandstuckoutherhead.    "Yes,andyou,"sheadded,catchingtheeyeofoneofthepolicemen."Youbloodymurtheringthafe!Crackmysonoverthehead,willyou,youhard-hearted,murtheringdivil?Ah,ye-"    (,SisterCarrie)    (6)'Arvemoved,'hesaid,'Darnear.'    'Andalltheclick?'Iaskedhim.'AllthenotoriousDockheadboys?'    'Notv'click,'saidEd-Ted.'Jusme.'...    'Andwhy,Ed,'Isaid,'haveyoumoveddarnear?'    'CosmeMaas,'hesaid.'She'sbinre-owsed.'    'SoyoustilllivewithMomma?'Ienquired.    'Course,'hesaid.    'Bigboyslikeyouhasn'tgothisownhidey-hole?'Iasked.    'Lissen,'hesaid.'IrespectmyMar.'    'Cool,man,'Isaid.',theclick?Havetheybeenre-owsedaswell?'    'Ner,'hesaid.    'Ner?What,then?'    'Theclick'ssplitup.'    'Youmean,'Isaid,'thatbunchoftearawayshavethrownyouout?'    'Eh-y?'hecried.    'Youheard,'vebeenexpel