文档介绍：ica 112–113: 45–58, 2001. 45
© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in herlands.
Toward a new synthesis: population ics and evolutionary
developmental biology
Norman A. Johnson & Adam H. Porter
Department of Entomology and Program anismic and Evolutionary Biology, 102 Fernald Hall,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Key words: developmental ics, evolution of development, G matrices, ic co-option, ic pathways,
mutation effective size, population ics, quantitative ics, speciation
Abstract
Despite the recent synthesis of developmental ics and evolutionary biology, current theories of adaptation
are still strictly phenomenological and do not yet consider the implications of how phenotypes are constructed
from genotypes. Given the ubiquity of regulatory ic pathways in developmental processes, we contend that
study of the population ics of these pathways should e a major research program. We discuss the
role divergence in regulatory developmental ic pathways may play in speciation, focusing on our theoretical
putational investigations. We also discuss the population ics of molecular co-option, arguing that
mutations of large effect are not needed for co-option. We offer a prospectus for future research, arguing for a new
synthesis of the population ics of development.
Introduction evolutionary forces and processes on regulatory and
developmental systems. Current theories of adapta-
Biologists studying and predicting micro-evolutionary tion remain strictly phenomenological and do not yet
change generally focus on variation within popula- incorporate molecular ic principles. We argue
tions. One major sub-field of micro-evolutionary stud- here for a synthesis of population ics and devel-
ies is population ics, which in the strictest sense opmental biology, distinct from the current synthesis
involves tracking changes of frequencies of alleles and of evolution and development with its emphasis on
genotypes within and among popula