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This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Lewis Hatch
(1912–1991), a scholar, an educator, and a sincere friend.
Chemistry of
PETROCHEMICAL
PROCESSES
2nd Edition
Copyright © 1994, 2000 by Gulf pany, Houston, Texas. All
rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts
thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Gulf pany
Book Division
. Box 2608, Houston, Texas 77252-2608
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Printed on acid-free paper (∞).
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Contents
Preface to Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Preface to First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
CHAPTER ONE
Primary Raw Materials for Petrochemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction 1
Natural Gas 1
Natural Gas Treatment Processes 3, Natural Gas Liquids 8,
Properties of Natural Gas 10
Crude Oils 11
Composition of Crude Oils 12, Properties of Crude Oils 19, Crude
Oil Classification 21
Coal, Oil Shale, Tar Sand, and Gas Hydrates 22
References 26
CHAPTER TWO
Hydrocarbon Intermediates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Introduction 29
Paraffinic Hydrocarbons 29
Methane 30, Ethane 30, Propane 31, Butanes 31
Olefinic Hydrocarbons 32
Ethylene 32, Propylene 33, Butylenes 34
Dienes 36
Butadiene 37, Isoprene 37
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 37
Extraction of Aromatics 38
Liquid Petroleum Fractions and Residues 42
Naphtha 43, Kerosine 45, Gas Oil 46, Residual Fuel Oil 47
References 47
v
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CHAPTER THREE
Crude Oil Processing and Production of Hydrocarbon
Intermediates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Introduction 49
Physical Separation Processes 49
Atmospheric Distillation 50,