文档介绍：ReplacingHigh-BleedPneumaticDevicesLessonsLearnedfromNaturalGasSTARPartnersNiSourceandEPA’sNaturalGasSTARProgramJune3,2003PneumaticDevicesPneumaticdevicesarefoundineverygasproduction,processing,transmissionanddistributionfacilityMostpneumaticdevicesleakgasbydesignLossesfrompneumaticdevicesarethelargestsourceofmethaneemissionsReplacing,retrofitting,ormaintaininghigh-bleeddevicessavesgasandmoneyThesemethodscanbehighlycost-pressorsToPipelineSOV = Shut-offValve(UnitIsolation)LC = LevelControl(Knockout,Contactor,TEG Regenerator)TC = TemperatureControl(RegeneratorFuelGas)FC = FlowControl(pressor Bypass)PC = PressureControl(pressor Suction/Discharge)ontrollerProcessMeasurementLiquidLevelPressureTemperatureFlowWeakSignalBleed(Continuous)StrongSignalVent(Intermittent)ProcessFlowControlValveValveActuatorStrongPneumaticSignalWeakPneumaticSignal(3-15psi)Regulator100+psiGasRegulatedGasSupply20psiSourcesofMethaneLossesAspartofnormaloperations,pneumaticdevicesreleasenaturalgasintotheatmosphereHigh-bleeddevicesbleedinexcessof6scfperhourEquatesto>50McfperyearTypicalhigh-bleedpneumaticdevicesbleedanaverageof140McfperyearTheactualbleedrateislargelydependentonthedevice’sdesignMagnitudeofMethaneLossesMajorsourceofmethanelossesfromthenaturalgasindustryPneumaticdevicesareusedthroughoutthenaturalgasindustryBetween90,000to130,000inthetransmissionsectorOver250,000intheproductionsectorInthedistributionsectormostpneumaticdevicesarenon-bleedingpressureregulatorsLossesfromPneumaticDevicesGasIndustryOilIndustry Production 31Bcf 22BcfProcessing 16 ---Transmission 14 ---Total 61Bcf 22Bcf TotalGas/Oil 83Bcf/yrThreeOptionsforReducingLossesOption1:Replacehigh-bleeddeviceswithlow-bleeddevicesOption2:RetrofitcontrollerwithbleedreductionkitsOption3:MaintenanceaimedatreducinglossesOption1:ReplaceHigh-BleedDevicesMostapplicableto:Controllers:liquid-levelandpressurePositionersandTransducersSuggestedAction:EvaluatereplacementsReplaceatendofdevice’susefullifeEarlyreplacementOption1:ReplaceHigh-Bleed(cont’d)Co