文档介绍：Heat sources —technology, economy and environment Thore Berntsson Department of Heat and Power Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-4 1296 Gothenburg, Sweden Received 26 November 1999; received in revised form 19 May 2000; accepted 24 May 2000 Abstract Heat sources for heat pumps in buildings as well as in industry are discussed. Furthermore, some environmental aspects concerning choice of heat source are highlighted. Only systems for heat pumping are included, . air-con- ditioning types which can also partly work as heat pumps are excluded. Recent heat pump installations in Sweden are mainly in small systems. Ambient air, exhaust air, soil and rock are the mon heat source types. Data on COP, investment costs, working ?uids, present Swedish market etc. for these types of heat sources are given. Data on industrial heat pump installations in some countries and distribution of these according to heat pump type and indus- try sector as well as heat source temperatures are reported. Process integration aspects when choosing heat source size and temperature are also discussed as well as the relation between these parameters and the choice of heat pump type. Finally, the in?uence on the economy of the heat source temperature is presented. The cost-e?ectiveness of heat pumps for reducing CO pared with other heating technologies is discussed. The main results are: (1) heat pumps can in many cases in the future contribute to a reduction of CO 2; (2) there is a rather big di?erence, for larger systems a major di?erence, between the water-based and the ambient air-based heat pumps in terms of e?cient reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. Keywords: Heating; Heat pump; Heat source; Survey; Technology; Savings; Environment Sources de chaleur : aspects technologiques, e ′conomiques et environnementaux Re ′ sume ′ Cet article expose des sources de chaleur pour les pompes a `chaleur utilise ′es pour les immeubles et