文档介绍：Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 23- 1 puters Think? ? The Turing Test : – Two identical rooms labeled A and B are connected electronically to a judge who can type questions directed to the occupant of either room. A human is in one room, puter in the other. – The judge's goal is to decide, based on the questions asked and the answers received, which room contains puter. – If after a reasonable period of time the judge cannot decide for certain, puter can be said to be intelligent. – So the test calls puter intelligent if it acts enough like a human to deceive the judge . Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 23- 2 puters Think? (cont'd) ? The test sidesteps any explicit definition of thinking or intelligence ? Does not focus on any specific ability ? Advances in the last half century: – Parsing grammatical structure of natural language – Machine translation of natural language – Recognizing semantically meaningful information Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 23- 3 Acting Intelligently? ? Eliza, the Doctor Program, was programmed to ask questions in dialog like a psychotherapist and a patient ? Took word cues, noticed use of negatives ? Dialog was essentially pre-planned to appear intelligent, but was not ? Artificial Intelligence (AI): To exhibit intelligence, computer has to "understand" plex situation and reason well enough to act on its understanding (no scripting) Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 23- 4 Playing Chess ? Clean task: Clear rules and definition of ess (beat a grand master) ? The Board Configuration Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 23- 5 Playing Chess (cont'd) ? The Game Tree – To decide on a next move, computer explores each possible move to determine whether it would make things better or