文档介绍：襄 樊 学 院
毕业设计(论文)英文翻译
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The Restructuring of Organizations
Throughout the 1990s, mergers and acquisitions have been a major source of corporate restructuring, affecting millions of workers and their families. This form of restructuring often is accompanied by downsizing. Downsizing is the process of reducing the size of a firm by laying off or retiring workers early. The primary objectives of downsizing are similar in . companies and those in other countries:
●cutting cost,
●spurring decentralization and speeding up decision making,
●cutting bureaucracy and eliminating layers of hierarchy, and
●improving customer relations.
Not surprisingly, the ranks of middle managers have been especially hard hit by downsizing. According to a study by the Conference Board, about 72 percent of companies have fewer middle managers today than they did five years ago. One consequence of this trend is that today’s managers supervise larger numbers of subordinates who report directly to them. In 1990, only about 20 percent of managers supervise twelve or more people and 54 percent supervised six or fewer.
Because of downsizing, first-line managers have had to assume greater responsibility for the work of their departments. At Muratec Business Systems, which makes fax machines, specialists in