文档介绍：THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY 1
The Problems of
Philosophy
By Bertrand Russell
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THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY 2
CONTENTS
I APPEARANCE AND REALITY
II THE EXISTENCE OR MATTER
III THE NATURE OF MATTER
IV IDEALISM
V KNOWLEDGE BY ACQUAINTANCE AND KNOWLEDGE BY DESCRIPTION
VI ON INDUCTION
VII ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES
VIII HOW A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE IS POSSIBLE
IX THE WORLD OF UNIVERSALS
X ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF UNIVERSALS
XI ON INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE
XII TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD
XIII KNOWLEDGE, ERROR, AND PROBABLE OPINION
XIV THE LIMITS OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
XV THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
INDEX
PREFACE
IN the following pages I have confined myself in the main to those problems of
philosophy in regard to which I thought it possible to say something positive and
constructive, since merely negative criticism seemed out of place. For this reason, theory
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THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY 3
of knowledge occupies a larger space than metaphysics in the present volume, and some
topics much discussed by philosophers are treated very briefly, if at all.
I have derived valuable assistance from unpublished writings of G. E. Moore and J. M.
Keynes: from the former, as regards the relations of sense-data to physical objects, and
from the latter as regards probability and induction. I have also profited greatly by the
criticisms and suggestions of Professor Gilbert Murray.
1912
NOTE TO SEVENTEENTH IMPRESSION
WITH reference to certain statements on pages 44, 75, 131, and 132, it should be
remarked that this book was written in the early part of 1912 when China was still an
Empire, and the name of the then late Prime Minister did begin with the letter B.
1943
CHAPTER I
APPEARANCE AND REALITY
IS there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reason