文档介绍：Chapter Ⅴ Immunotechnology
Section A Antibodies as research and diagnostic tools
抗体作为研究和诊断的工具
A variety of assays have been developed which provide specific qualitative and quantitative measurement of Ag or Ab, both of which are often of considerable research and clinical relevance. Ab to anism in the serum of a patient demonstrates infe- ction by anism. Ab with defined specificity is used to determine the presence of disease associated antigens in a patient. As tools in molecular and cellular research, Abs permit localization and characterization of Ags.
Key notes
Methods for measuring antigen-antibody reactions have been well established and include those that have direct biologic relevance (Table 1). bination of Ab with biologically active Ag (virus, toxin, enzyme and hormone) can be detected by neutralization of the virus infection, toxicity, enzymatic and hormone activity, respectively. Precipitation and agglutination have also been adapted fo development of several useful assays.
Antibody and assays
Table 1. Effects bination of antigen and antibody
Agglutination Antigenic particle + specific Ab results in aggregation
of particles
Precipitation Soluble Ag + specific Ab results in lattice formation
and precipitation
C Activation Ag in solution or on particle + specific Ab results in
activation of C
Cytolysis Cell + anti-cell Ab + C may result in lysis of the cell Opsonization Antigenic particle + Ab + C enhances phagocytosis by
Mo, M0, PMNs
Neutralization Toxins, viruses, enzymes, etc. + specific Abs may
result in their inactivation
* C, Complement; Mo, monocytes; M0, macrophages; Ab, antibody; PMNs, polymorpho-nuclear cells
A variety of other assays have been developed which provide specific qualitative and quantitative measurement of Ag or Ab for both research and diagnostic purposes.
Since the immune system recognizes and remembers virtually all Ag that are introduced into an individual, assays which demonstrate the presence of Ab to an