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blankEssentialMedicalStatisticsDedicationToourchildren:DaisyandSamKirkwoodMax,,HonMFPHM,#1988,panyBlackwellScience,Inc.,350MainStreet,Malden,Massachusetts02148–5020,USABlackwellPublishingLtd,9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UKBlackwellScienceAsiaPtyLtd,550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,ordancewiththeCopyright,,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,-in-PublicationDataKirkwood,,.—.;:Essentialsofmedicalstatistics/–86542–871––Research–.[DNLM:],,—dc2**********ISBN:978–0–86542–871–3AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryBSL:Setin10/,Pondicherry,IndiaPrintedandboundinUnitedKingdombyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,missioningEditor:FionaGoodgameEditorialAssistant:VickyPinderdetailsProductionEditor:KarenMooreProductionController:KateCharmanForfurtherinformationonBlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite:entsPrefacetothesecondeditionviiPartC:esPrefacetothefirsteditionix14Probability,riskandodds(ofdisease)13115ProportionsandthebinomialPartA:paring