文档介绍：会计学
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国际商法合同法违约
Classification of Contract Breach
1. Non-performance
（1）Subjective non-performance不愿履行
（2）Objective non-performance履行不能
2. Late performance
3. Partial performance
4. Defective performance
5. Anticipatory Breach and Actual Breach
6. Material Breach and nonmaterial Breach
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违约的种类 – 中国
1）单方违约：指违约是由一方当事人的行为造成的。
双方违约：指合同的双方当事人都违反了其依据合同所应尽的义务。
2）根本违约：一方的违约致使另一方订约目的不能实现。
非根本违约：指一方的违约并没有导致另一方订约目的不能实现，或者使其遭受重大损害。
3）不履行：指无正当理由完全不履行合同义务。
不完全履行：当事人岁有履行行为，但履行不符合法律和合同的约定。不完全履行包括：迟延履行，不适当履行，部分履行等行为。
4）预期违约指在合同履行期限到来之前，一方无正当理由明确表示其在履行期到来后将不履行合同，或者其行为表明其在履行期到来后将不可能履行合同。预期违约：包括明示预期违约和默示的预期违约
实际违约：即实际发生的违约行为。
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Effect of Material Breach
A material breach occurs when the promisor’s performance fails to reach the level of performance that the promisee is justified in expecting under the circumstances.
The party who is injured by a material breach has the right to withhold his own performance. He is discharged from further obligations under the contract and may cancel it. He also has the right to sue for damages for total breach of contract.
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Effect of Nonmaterial Breach
By contrast, when the breach is not serious enough to be material, the nonbreaching party may sue for only those damages caused by the particular breach. In addition, he does not have the right to cancel the contract, although a nonmaterial breach can give him the right to suspend his performance until the breach is remedied. Once the breach is remedied, the nonbreaching party must go ahead and render his performance, minus any damages caused by the breach.
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Determining the Materiality of the Breach
The standard for determining materiality is a flexible one that takes into account the facts of each individual case. The key question is whether the breach deprives the injured party of the benefits that he reasonably expected.
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Anticipatory Repudiation
One type of breach of contract occurs when the promisor indi