文档介绍：Baruch Spinoza
(1632--------1677)
1
Contents
Biography
Philosophy
Influence
2
Spinoza was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands. His mother Ana Débora, Miguel's second wife, died when Spinoza was only six years old.
Miguel was a successful merchant and Spinoza had
a traditional Jewish （有太人的）upbringing(养育).
Biography
3
Spinoza spent almost of his life writing and studying as a private preached（宣扬） a philosophy of tolerance and benevolence(善行). Spinoza died at the age of 44 ，in （据称） died of a lung illness.
4
1 Monism(一元论)
2 Dualistic（二元论）
A theory or doctrine(主义) that denies the existence of a distinction or duality（二元性） in some sphere（范围）, such as that between matter and mind, or God and the world
The view that the mind and body function separately, without interchange （交换）
5
Philosophy
Spinoza was a monist. As a youth he first subscribed to Descartes’s (笛卡尔) dualistic （二元论）belief that body and mind are two separate substances, but later changed his view and asserted（宣称） that they were not separate, being a single identity.
6
He contended (主张) that everything that exists in Nature is one Reality (substance) and there is only one set of rules governing the whole of the reality which surrounds us and of which we are part。
7
The natural world is infinite（无穷大）.
Good and evil are related to human pleasure and pain.（善与恶是与人的快乐和痛苦有关）
Everything done by humans and other animals is excellent and divine（神圣的）.
Two substances having different attributes（属性） have nothing in common with one another.
Some of Spinoza's philosophical positions are:
8
Spinoza is one of the most important philosophers—and certainly the most radical（激进分子）—of the early modern period. His thought combines a commitment to Cartesian(笛卡尔哲学的) metaphysical（形而上学的） and epistemological （认识论的）principles with elements from ancient Stoicism（斯多葛学派） and medieval（中世纪的） Jewish rationalism（理性主义） into a highly original system.
Influence
9
His extreme