文档介绍：Basics of Quantum Mechanics and Solid State Physics
(Gekürztes Skript: 34th IFF Spring School 2003, Research Centre Jülich)
Hans Lüth
1. Introduction
Nanoelectronics is the natural continuation of microelectronics to smaller and smaller
dimensions, from the micrometer to the nanometer scale. It is typical for nanoscaled
semiconductor devices that their dimensions have reached the length scale of the electron de
Broglie wavelength. Thus, the wave nature of carriers cannot be neglected and in the near
future even device simulations for essentially classical device structures are confronted with a
real quantum mechanical description rather than with (semi)classical models. This is in
particular true for novel quantum devices whose performance is based on quantum
mechanical principles such as resonant tunnelling diodes (RTD) and transistors (RTT), single
electron transistors (SET), spin transistors etc.
Nanoelectronics understood merely as an electronics which is based on nanoscaled quantum
devices, processes information still according to classical information technology, . by
means of bits in a classical von puter architecture. An important revolutionary
step further would be the implementation of quantum information technology into solid state
nanoelectronics. Quantum systems can exist in superposition states, which simultaneously
contain many parts of information – in terms of so-called quantum bits (qubit) corresponding
to a high number of classical states (bits). plex quantum machine could thus process an
exponentially large number of classical calculations in one run. While some individual
quantum gates have been made and some very simple quantum algorithms have been run with
massy, few-qubit nuclear ic resonance (NMR) systems, it is a great challenge for the
future to realize much larger puters on the basis of integrated, nanoscaled solid
state electronic circuits. The major obstacle here are