文档介绍：会计学
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国外动物学36
第一页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
What Is Behavior?
Behavior is what an animal does and how it does it.
Learning is also considered a behavioral process.
Pioneers of ethology:
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第二页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Proximate vs. Ultimate Causes
The scientific questions that can be asked about behavior can be divided into two classes:
Those that focus on the immediate stimulus and mechanism for the behavior.
Those that explore how the behavior contributes to survival and reproduction.
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第三页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Proximate, or “how”, questions about behavior focus on the environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior.
Focus on the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral act.
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第四页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Ultimate, or “why”, questions about behavior address the evolutionary significance of a behavior.
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第五页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Ethology
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in natural environments.
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第六页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Behavioral Ecology
The modern scientific discipline of behavioral ecology extends observations of animal behavior by studying: how such behavior is controlled and how it develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success.
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第七页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Sociobiology
Human culture is related to evolutionary theory in the distinct discipline of sociobiology.
Human behavior, like that of other species is the result of interactions between genes and environment.
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第八页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Ethology – basic concepts
Lorenz and Tinbergen (1938) examined egg-rolling behavior in the greylag goose.
If the egg slipped away, she continued the motion.
Once started, the behavior must be completed in a specific way.
Stereotypical behavior
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第九页，编辑于星期一：八点 四十八分。
Fixed Action Patterns
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is u