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Daniel Defoe ( 1660 to 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer檄文执笔者and spy, who gained fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable闻名的for being one of the earliest proponents支持者of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain, and, along with others such as Richardson, is among the founders of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than 500 books, pamphlets小册子and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.
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Early life
Daniel Foe (his original name) was probably born in the parish教区of St. Giles Cripplegate, London. Defoe later added the aristocratic-sounding "De" to his name and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux. The date and the place of his birth are uncertain, with sources often giving dates of anywhere between 1659 to 1661.
His father, James Foe, a member of the Butchers' Company, was a prosperous兴盛的tallow chandler蜡烛制造者. In Defoe's early life he experienced first-hand some of the most unusual occurrences大事in English history: in 1665, 70,000 were killed by the Great Plague of London. The Great Fire of London (1666) left standing only Defoe's and two other homes in his neighborhood. In 1667, when Defoe was probably about seven years old, a Dutch荷兰人fleet舰队sailed up the Medway via the River Thames and attacked Chatham. By the time he was about 10, Defoe's mother Annie had died.
His parents were Presbyterian dissenters反对者; he was educated in a dissenting academy at Newington Green run by Charles Morton and is believed to have attended the church there. During this period, England was not tolerant of all forms of religious belief. Roman Catholics were feared and hated. Dissenters refused to conform to the services of the Church of England; they were despised受轻视的and oppressed受压制的.
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Defoe entered the world of busi