文档介绍：中文摘要 19世纪末年,清政府内忧外患,面对日本等列强的侵略威胁, 李鸿章结合中国的实际,先后提出了“以夷制夷”、“外须和戎,内需变法”的外交策略,本文主要以清政府的对日外交政策的变化为例, 对李鸿章外交策略的成败进行分析。李鸿章根据“以夷制夷”采取了“联俄制日”。所谓“联俄制日”,是清朝利用俄国、日本等国的在华利益,使之彼此制约,抵制日本等对中国的侵占。近代中日建交后, 李鸿章很快由“联日”转为“防日”。在甲午战争和“三国干涉还辽”中,李鸿章开始热衷于“联俄制日”,1896年,李鸿章与俄国又签订了《中俄密约》等条约。但《中俄密约》不仅没有实现“联俄制日”, 反而为俄国扩大在华权益打开了方便之门。李鸿章认识到中外科技发展的差距,在推行“外需和戎"的同时,努力兴办洋务,力求实务强国,以御外侮,但在清王朝封建统治下,他的想法也无法取得预期的效果。本文根据历史事实,通过对有关史料的收集、整理,运用历史分析手段,对论文有关内容进行探讨和论述;并尽量对有关事件做出比较清楚的阐述和说明,力争使评论客观和公正,争取对这一研究领域的模糊认识给予澄清。关键词: 李鸿章“以夷制夷" “外须和戎,内需变法”“联俄制日’’《中俄密约》东三省交涉 Abstract In19centll巧’s ends,The Qing govemment waS inintemal andextemal fbm big powers likeJapan and other countries,considering thereality ofChina,Li hongzhang essively brought updiplomacy strategy of‘~sing one count巧to resist another country,’,‘‘being on goodt咖s with foreigncountries,beingrefoming inhome’’.Thisthesismainly takesthechange ofQinggov锄ment to J印an’s foreignpolicy asex锄ple;analyzes the ess orfailure ofLi Hongzhang’s diplomacy strategy.“ hongzhang, according to the diplomacy strategy of“using one count巧to resistanother count哕’, brought up bing wim Russia toresistJ印an". nis foreignp01icy is thatQing Dynasty makes use ofcontradicto巧of invading Chinabe帆een Russia andJapan,and relied on Russia toresist China establisheddiplomatic relationswim Japan inmodem times,Lihongzhallg chaIlged hisideasquicl(bing withJ印an toguarding theSino—Japanese W打of 1894一l895 and‘‘three states together asl(ing Japan toretumLiao-dong",Li hongzhang began conlbining withRussia toresistJ印an,and in l896,Li_hongzhang si印ed “theSino—Russian Secretagreement’’with thisagreement did not make Qing goVemment realizeme aim bining with R-ussia to resistJapall;On thecont聊M thispolicy opened thecOnvenience’s door forRussia invading hongzhang realizedtllebigdisp撕ty of science and technology between China and foreign countries,while car咖ng on theforeign policyof“being on goodtems with foreign countries’’,in order tores