文档介绍：
t other people’s motives. For example， they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8， all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s
○Moral values
○Previous experiences with aggression
○Instinct to avoid aggression
○Beliefs about other people’s intentions
这道题目的定位范围是两个自然段，四个选项中有三个会influence the decision whether to act aggressively，有一个选项不会“影响一个人确定是否要表现的具有侵略性”，我们要选择这个选项。首先，在第七自然段的其次句“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values， by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.”中就提到moral values，对应A 选项。其次，在第八自然段中，第四句“People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives.”中提到两个选项，一个是“their experiences with aggression”对应B选项，另外一个是“interpretation of other people’s motives”对应D选项。只有C选项的instinct没有提到，这道题目选择C选项。
托福阅读背景学问：人类的活动和动物的灭亡
托福阅读真题再现：
人类的活动和动物的灭亡
将overhunting，中间一个个科学家说不对，其实是climate change导致了，讲人类人前北美许多大型动物，但是人类出现以后大型动物都挂了，主要缘由是人类的过度捕猎。接着说气候也是一个潜在缘由，而且一些大型动物挂了，相识rodent并没有灭亡。有举例，在人类出现以后很短的时间内动物数量急剧下降，虽然这个事实被捕鱼大丰收的状况所disguise，一个明显的证据就是一种特别的鱼到了食物链底端。
新东方老师解析：
本篇文章讲解了动物的灭亡的缘由。相像的话题可以参考tpo中文章mass extiction，文章的理解重点是要把握好说明灭亡的缘由，以及相对应所举的例子。根据不同的灭亡的缘由梳理文章的结构。
相应的背景请参考下文：
As long as species have been evolving, species have been going extinct. It is estimated that over % of all species that ever lived are extinct. The average life-span of a species is 10 million years[citation needed], although this varies widely between taxa. There are a variety of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly to the extinction of a species or group of species. "Just as each species is unique