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interest in potentiometric ion-selective
Introduction to Electroanalytical electrodes (ISEs) following the massive
Techniques and Instrumentation breakthrough in detection limits to the
pM level [1, 2]. Moreover, potentiomet-
Patrick R. Unwin ric methods are used in some scan-
University of Warwick, Coventry,
ning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)
United Kingdom
experiments, discussed in Chapter
and some biosensor formats (Chap-
Context ter ), and so it is useful to provide
a brief summary of the basic princi-
Many advances in understanding electro- ples here.
chemical processes, described throughout Conductivity measurements are much
this Encyclopedia,eaboutasa less chemically specific and so are not
result of continued developments in tech- considered in detail in this volume,
niques and instrumentation for studying although Chapter describes some
electrode reactions and interfaces. This vol- biosensors that operate on conductimetric
ume is concerned with some of the most principles. It is also important to note,
important general electrochemical meth- in passing, the use of conductimetric
ods, and also highlights some of the more methods in analysis [3], particularly for
specialized techniques that are of wide capillary electrophoresis [4, 5] and in ion
applicability in chemistry and its borders chromatography [6].
with other fields. Our understanding of electrochemical
Simple electroanalytical techniques fall methods has also been greatly enhanced
into three groups: potentiometry, con- by the introduction of spectroscopic, struc-
ductivity, and voltammetric/amperometric tural and other probes of electrochemical
techniques. This volume is mostly con- surfaces and systems [7]. This continues
cerned with the third type of method, to be a developing area and consequently
often referred to under the general head- there is little scope within a single volume
ing dynamic to review all