文档介绍：师承与师传之间
——论王鹏运词
[论文提要]作为清季词坛大师,王鹏运追师多位南宋词人词作,吸取各家所长,塑造自己多重词体风格而终成一代名家。在浸润于前代先贤词作的同时,他继承和发展了常派词学理论,开创了晚清词坛的繁盛局面,对同时及后辈的词人产生了深远的影响。本文即从王鹏运对南宋诸贤的追师与对晚清词坛的影响出发,试图说明王鹏运在晚清词坛对南宋词风的传承中起着过渡和促成的作用和意义。
[关键词]王鹏运常州词派南宋诸贤传承
[Abstract] As the master in the sphere of Ci of Qing Dynasty, Wang Pengyun serve as students of many maestroes of Ci in Nan Song Dynasty. Combining all the essence of his teachers, he sucessfully built his own style and e one the most distinguished masetroe in his time. As assimilating the advantages of pioneers, he stretch his talent and let out the theory of Changzhou Ci clan, which is help forming the blooming age of Ci in late Qing Dynasty. As a result, many people got affected by his style. This paper start from Wang Pengyun's learning and his effect in the development of the sphere of Ci in late Qing Dynasty, trying to introduce the position of Wang Pengyun in affecting the sphere of Ci late Qing Dynasty which help continuing Nan Song Dynasty style.
[Key word] Wang Pengyun, Changzhou Ci clan, Maestroes of Nan Song Dynasty
一
王鹏运(1849——1904),字幼霞,一字佑霞,中年自号半塘老人,又号鹜翁,晚年号半塘僧鹜。王鹏运原籍浙江山阴县,玄祖父王云飞迁家至广西临桂,父亲王必达开始以临桂县籍应试,自此为临桂人。王鹏运22岁中举人,35岁中进士。24岁时补授内阁中书,后历侍读、江西道御史,迁礼科掌印给事中等职务。时处清末政治风云变幻之际,他锐志主战及改良,曾上书反对西太后和光绪帝驻跸颐和园、请办京师大学堂等,他还弹劾过上至各亲王下至翁同和等要臣,一生奏议等身,康有为未知于光绪帝时所作奏折也皆由他代上。王鹏运1904年回山阴省墓时偶感风寒,终至病卒,是年55岁。
然而,真正造就王鹏运功名的,除了赫赫政绩外,更为后人看重的是他对词坛的贡献。他位居晚清四大词人之首,词作影响了许多后世的词家;官居内阁时,曾与皆为当时名家的端木埰、许玉琢、况周颐为文酒之会,合刊所作词为《薇省同声集》。有多本词集传世:乙稿《袖墨》(《薇省同声集》)、《虫秋》,丙稿《味梨》,丁稿《鹜翁》,戊稿《蜩知》,已稿《校梦龛》,庚稿《庚子秋词》、《春蛰吟》,辛稿《南潜集》(未刊)。晚年删定为《半塘定稿》二卷,《剩稿》一卷。此外,他还是一位校勘家,整理校刊过多位文人词家的作品集,后合辑为《四印斋所刻词》。
二
常州词派重要词论家周济有评南宋四位词人――王沂孙、吴文英、辛弃疾、周邦彦者,认为:“碧山餍心切理,言近指远,声容调度,一一可循。”而“梦窗奇思壮采,腾天潜渊,返南宋之清泚,为北宋之秾挚。”“稼轩敛雄心,抗高调,变温婉,成悲凉。”“清真,集大成者也。”因此辑此四人词合为《宋四家词选》,提出世人学词的理想模式为“问涂碧山,历梦窗、稼轩以还清真之浑化。”注释:
1 周济《宋四家词选目录序论》《介存斋论词杂论复堂词话篙庵论词》人民文学出版社 1959年10月版 12~13页
这实际上就指出了学词要从学习王沂孙的对事物的贴切描摹入手,渐次习得吴文英构思的奇巧、辛弃疾对气势的把握,最终达到境界上如周邦彦的浑厚;这也被引为常派学词之途径。而王鹏运初入词坛的引导者即为常派词人的王拯,王拯是王鹏运的前辈亲戚,他对古文、诗、词都有专长,王鹏运就是在他不遗余力的教导下,渐入词坛终至名家的。既然师从常派词人,遵循常派学