文档介绍：托福阅读---段落内容的组织结构
近几年的托福阅读文章难度逐步增大,这种难度主要体现在四方面:词汇,句式,衔接和篇章。在同学们攻克了词汇和语法关后,就要学会从宏观上来把控文章,所以今天我们就衔接方面的内容和大家进行探讨。
衔接主要是段落内部及段落之间通过何种方式进行语义连接。我们今天通过借鉴官方指南书中的文章来基本了解段落内部的组织结构。
1 分类式(classification)
例子
Many people have municate and work with members of other cultures, and social skills training is now being given to some of these who are about to work abroad. munication is necessary for several kinds of people.
Tourists are probably the largest group, though they stay for the shortest periods and need to master only a few simple situations…
这个段落是典型的分类式写法,把需要进行跨文化交流的人分成几类,接下来分别描述,首当其冲的就是旅游者。
官方指南
1)    Desertification is plished primary through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of soil by wind and water. (P)
In some cases the loose soil is pletely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridge of sand. (I)
这段内容是一个典型的总分结构,即point + illustration。观点很明显是说沙漠化的原因是植被消失,土壤侵蚀。接下来的论证时进一步补充说明植被消失之后,土壤可能会碰到的状况,分成了两种情况。一种情况松散的土壤完全被吹走,还有一种情况小颗粒被带走,沙子大小的颗粒聚集成沙山,进而逐步累积形成沙漠化。
2)    Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressure to provide them with land and fuel. (P)
In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that mon phenomenon along the desert margins, the pre