文档介绍：—CHAPTER 17
Humanistic (Third-Force) Psychology
The Mind, the Body, and the Spirit described above, the knowledge of humans provided
by behaviorism and psychoanalysis was seen by many
Generally speaking, human nature can be divided as plete, distorted, or both. Needed was a new
into three ponents: the mind (our intel- view of psychology, one that emphasized neither the
lect), the body (our biological makeup), and the mind nor the body but the human spirit.
spirit (our emotional makeup). Different philoso- In the early 1960s a group of psychologists headed
phies and, more recently, schools of psychology have by Abraham Maslow started a movement referred to
tended to emphasize one of these aspects at the ex- as third-force psychology. These psychologists
pense of the others. Which philosophy or school of claimed that the other two forces in psychology, be-
psychology prevailed seemed to be determined haviorism and psychoanalysis, neglected a number of
largely by the Zeitgeist. The decade of the 1960s was a important human attributes. They said that by apply-
troubled time in the United States. There was in- ing the techniques used by the natural sciences to the
creased involvement in the unpopular Vietnam War study of humans, behaviorism likened humans to ro-
and its corresponding antiwar movement; Martin bots, lower animals, puters. For the behavior-
Luther King, Jr., John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and ist, there was nothing unique about humans. The ma-
Robert Kennedy were assassinated; and violent racial jor argument against psychoanalysis was that it
protests occurred in a number of major cities. “Hip- concentrated mainly on emotionally disturbed people
pies” were in open rebellion against the values of and on developing techniques for making abnormal
their parents and their nation; like the ancient Skep- people normal. What was missing, according to third-
tics they found little worth believing in, and like the force psychologis