文档介绍：An essay on condensed matter physics in the twentieth centuryW. KohnDepartment of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF J. M. LUTTINGER (1923–1997)[S0034-6861(99)05002-3]CONTENTSI. Introduction S59II. The Last Years of the Classical Era S59III. Early Impacts of the Quantum of Action onCondensed Matter Physics S60IV. The Quantum-Mechanical Revolution S61V. The Band-Structure Paradigm S62A. Total energies S63B. Fermi surfaces of metals S63C. Angle-resolved photoemission and inversephotoemission S64VI. Surfaces and Interfaces S64VII. Moderate and Radical Effects of the Electron-Electron Interaction S66A. Landau Fermi-liquid theory S66B. Strong ism S66C. Density-functional theory S67D. Collective excitations S67E. Radical effects S68VIII. Moderate and Radical Breakdowns of LatticePeriodicity S69A. Point defects S69B. Substitutional alloys S69C. Dislocations and grain boundaries S70D. Totally nonperiodic systems S71IX. Bose-Einstein Condensation: Super?uidity andSuperconductivity S71X. Mesoscopics and Nanoscience S73XI. Soft Matter S75A. Polymers S75B. Membranes S76C. Liquid crystals S76XII. ments S77Acknowledgments S77References S77I. INTRODUCTIONWhen the 20th century opened, the ?elds of crystal-lography, metallurgy, elasticity, ism, etc., dealingwith diverse aspects of solid matter, were largely au-tonomous areas of science. Only in the 1940s were theseand other ?elds consolidated into the newly named dis-cipline of ‘‘solid state physics’’ which, two decades later,was enlarged to include the study of the physical prop-erties of liquids and given the name ‘‘condensed matterphysics’’(CMP). At Harvard, for example, J. H. VanVleck had several times taught a graduate course ism in the 1930s and 1940s. However, the ?rsttime a course called ‘‘solid state physics’’ was taughtthere was in 1949 (by the writer, at Van Vleck’s sugges-tion); it was based largely on the in?uential, comp