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The United States and the People's Republic
esprit de corps, led the trainee to expose himself and engage
wholeheartedly ill a "thought mobilization."
The second phase was one of induced emotional conflict
within each individual. The daily schedule continued to be
physically exhausting. The milieu, carefully controlled, now
seemed to close in. The individual submitted his first sum•
mary of his own life and thought. As criticism and self-criti•
cism intensified, the dangers of being rejected became ap•
parent. The evils within the old individual were now at•
tacked, not merely the old society in the abstract, and the stu•
dent strove to dig up his failings and correct them. Group
pressures were focused by experienced leaders so that each
individual became heavily involved emotionally, under as•
sault. He might struggle with himself and be "struggled
with" by his group-mates over an excess of subjectivism or ob•
jectivism, of opportunism or dogmatism, bureaucratism or
individual heroism, and so forth. The individual who at•
tempted to hold back and resist the process took a psychologi•
cal beating. Each participant pletely alone, isolated
within himself like all his fellows. Under this pressure, simi•
lar to that used against prisoners, the individual soon felt guilt
(he had sinned and should be punished) and also a sense
of shame (he had lost face and self-esteem) , which created in•
tense humiliation. In attacking himself, he was thus prepared
for confession and self-condemnation, feeling as though he
were mentally ill and needed a cure.
The third phase ,vas that of submission and rebirth. When
his final thought summary or confession was accepted by the
group and the authorities, the individual was likely to feel
exhilarated, cleansed, a new person. This months-long pro•
cess was on a larger scale a sort of induced religious conver•
sion, like those of our own revival meetings, but with added
elements of pressure and psychot