文档介绍：The Inequality of Fair Play:Lottery Gambling and SocialStratification in GermanyJens Beckert and Mark LutterOn the basis of a telephone survey conducted on a random sample of the Germanresidential population, we examine the distribution effects state lotteries have onGermany’s social structure. Lotteries are highly taxed economic transactions, whoseproceeds make up a considerable share of public fiscal revenues. Our analysis showsthat lotteries are a form of regressive taxation. Using key demographic indicators, suchas age, citizenship, and levels of e and education, we demonstrate the effects offiscal are instruments of redistribution. This is truein three ways: first, the gamblers consent to their stakesbeing redistributed in such a manner that a smallgroup of players determined by chance (the winners)pockets the entire amount paid out. Most gamblerslose their stakes. For every bination paidout in Germany’s classicLottogame ‘6 out of 49’, thereare binations for which gamblers lose , lotteries are instruments of redistribution inthe sense that only a part of total turnover is paid outto the winners. This type of redistribution does nottake place between the players, but between playersand the government. In the German gameLotto,approximately 48 per cent of the total stakes are paidout to the winners. Thirteen per cent are used to coverthe costs of running the lottery, 39 per cent go to thegovernment in the form of taxes or as concessionlevies. Therefore, lotteries are a very highly taxedeconomic transaction. Seen from a historical perspec-tive, lotteries have been a significant source forfinancing public ventures; in fact, the government’sintention to raise revenue was the main reason anizing them (cf. Garv?′a, 2007a). For example,English lotteries were used to finance the firstpermanent English settlement in America (Findlay,1986), and even schools like Harvard or Princetonwere funded by lottery proceeds (Clotfel