文档介绍：Styles, gender, Social Class
Qin Jie
Styles
Style
The way in which something is said, expressed, written, done, or performed.
The style is who and what we are.
Writing/speech style: the manner a writer or speaker chooses among different ways (strategies) to address an issue or an audience.
0. Style: Manner of address
Style of office/ honorific
Your honor, My Lord, Your highness, Sir
Title + Surname
Dr Brown, Prof. Goh, Mr. Lee, Ms Ng
First Name
Jack, Peter, Tom
Multi-name
air Jordan, magic, Chinese Sun
对老婆的称呼
大陆上称爱人; 台湾叫内子; 受过洋文感染的称达令; 土生土长的叫那口子; 舍不得老婆的人称心肝; 阔别老婆的人叫宝贝; 对老婆亲热时称亲爱的; 对老婆厌恶时叫那娘们; 河北人称老婆为家里的; 河南人称老婆为屋里头的; 四川人称老婆则叫堂客; 上海人叫老布; 东北人叫老婆子; 天津人叫孩儿他妈妈;
皇帝称老婆叫梓童; 宰相称老婆叫夫人; 文人称拙荆/糟糠/贱内; 雅士叫执帚; 商贾称内人; 士人叫妻子; 酸秀才称娘子; 庄稼汉叫婆姨; 有修养的人称太太; 没文化的叫老婆; 年轻人称媳妇; 老头子叫老伴。
1. Contextual Styles (W. Labov)
Informal (casual) speech
Speech in informal interview
Responses to casual questions
Telling childhood rhymes
Formal (careful) speech
Participating in a formal interview
Reading lists of words in classroom
Live news broadcasting
2. Speech Styles
Frozen: . Participants should remain seated throughout the ceremony.
Formal: . Those taking part should sit during the proceedings.
Consultative: . Would you please stay in your seats.
Casual: . Don't get up.
Intimate: . Sit tight.
3. Bilingual/munities
Code switching
Stylistic levels (variety switching)
. 1 Officials in Switzerland use
Swiss German in intimate and casual circumstances; High German in formal speech
. 2 Speakers of Arabic
use the vernacular in normal conversation and shift to Modern Standard Arabic when they are giving public speeches.
Style studies: A brief overview
Geography and language variation
Dialectology and language variation
Individuality and language variation
Style and formality (casual or careful)
Continuum and stylistics
4. Explanation for stylistic variation
The care speakers/writers take with