文档介绍：396 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT, VOL. 51, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2004
The Evolution of Project Management
David I. Cleland
I. INTRODUCTION ten years, St. Petersburg was a city of 35 000 buildings of
HIS essay will provide a summary oversight of the evolu- granite and stone, and the capital of the Russian Empire.
T tion of Project Management. In more recent times, other projects have played key roles in
Formal project management reinforced by supporting litera- changing society such as the following.
ture emerged in an unobtrusive manner in the late 1950s. Project • The Panama Canal was a vast, unprecedented feat of en-
management can be found in the creation and construction of gineering, political, intrigue, and logistic challenge. Apart
many different historical artifacts and cultural improvements. In from Wars, it represented the largest, most costly single
more recent times, project management gained special attention effort ever before mounted, and held the world’s attention
in the management of military weapons and supporting systems over a span of 40 years.
in the . Department of Defense. The modern-day concepts • In the ., in the 1860s, a project was initiated to join the
and processes of project management can also be found in such continent of North America by railroad. The two biggest
large-scale ad hoc initiatives as the Manhattan P