文档介绍：你能随时做到的环保
饮食简单,尽量不要吃野生动物、保护动物
早睡早起,充分利用自然光,节约能源
尽量安步当车,既锻炼身体,又缓解交通堵塞、减少汽车尾气污染
去食堂尽量用消毒餐具或自带餐具,少用一次性用品,既健康有环保
随身带个塑料袋,以备超市等购物、装物用
尽量用手帕,因为餐巾纸有漂白剂污染环境。此款特别适用于女士,显得古典、优雅
勿随意丢弃废旧电池,一个5号电池可将5平方米土地重金属污染达50年……
2007 Fall
1
Zhang Yan---GDUF
Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余
Zhang Yan
Guang Dong University of Finance
2007-2008 First Semester
2007 Fall
2
Zhang Yan---GDUF
几个消费者剩余度量尺度
价格变动的补偿CV
等值变动EV
马歇尔的消费者剩余Consumer Surplus
补偿剩余CS
等值剩余ES
价格变化的Laspeyre成本差
Paasche成本差
2007 Fall
3
Zhang Yan---GDUF
价格变动的补偿CV
pensating variation:为使某人保持变化以前的福利水平,应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。
回想卡尔多补偿
对良种农产品的补贴,对农民养猪的补贴
2007 Fall
4
Zhang Yan---GDUF
价格变动的补偿CV
Pertaining to Price Reduction
pensating e variation (shown as CV in the followed figure) equals the amout of a lump-sum tax which the consumer, after a reduction in the price of X has caused him to purchase a larger quantity of X at the lower price, would have to pay in order to be pushed back the same indifference level that he had attained when he purchased a smaller quantity of X at the higher price…
---Fritz Machlup”Professor Hicks’ revision of Demand Theory” P122
2007 Fall
5
Zhang Yan---GDUF
价格变动的补偿CV
Pertaining to Price Increases
pensating e variation equals the amout of a lump-sum subsidy which the consumer, after an increase in the price of X has caused him to purchase a smaller quantity of X at the higher price, would have to pay would have to receive in order to be lifted back to the same indifference level that he had attained when he purchased a larger quantity of X at the lower price…
---Fritz Machlup”Professor Hicks’ revision of Demand Theory”P122
2007 Fall
6
Zhang Yan---GDUF
补偿变化衡量的是一个计划者的净收入。这个计划者必须在价格变化发生之后,对消费者进行补偿使消费者的效用恢复到初始效用水平。
它可以设想为计划者为使消费者同意价格发生变化而必须向消费者支付的金额的负数。补偿变化与可以表述为:
价格变动的补偿CV
2007 Fall
7
Zhang Yan---GDUF
价格变动的补偿CV
2007 Fall
8
Zhang Yan---GDUF
价格变动的补偿CV
希克斯需求函数
马歇尔需求函数
2007 Fall
9
Zhang Yan---GDUF
等值变化equivalent variation:在没有变化发生的情况下,为了使某人达到变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平而应给予他的补偿金的数额。
与补偿变动的区别?
回想希克斯补偿标准
向农民征地