国际经济学克鲁格曼课件7.ppt

文档介绍：国际经济学克鲁格曼课件7
第一页，共42页。
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Types of economies of scale
Economies of scale and market structure
The theory of ies of scale occur when the cost per unit of output depends on the size of a firm.
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第八页，共42页。
Economies of Scale and Market Structure (cont.)
Both external and internal economies of scale are important causes of international trade.
They have different implications for the structure of industries:
An industry where economies of scale are purely external will typically consist of many small firms and be perfectly competitive.
Internal economies of scale result when large firms have a cost advantage over small firms, causing the industry to become imperfectly competitive.
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第九页，共42页。
The Theory of External Economies
This chapter deals with a model of external economies; the next chapter will cover internal economies.
Many modern examples of industries that seem to be powerful external economies:
In the United States, the semiconductor industry is concentrated in Silicon Valley, investment banking in New York, and the entertainment industry in Hollywood.
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第十页，共42页。
The Theory of External Economies (cont.)
In developing countries such as China, external economies are pervasive in manufacturing.
One town in China produces most of the world’s underwear, another nearly all cigarette lighters.
External economies played a key role in India’s emergence as a major exporter of information services.
Indian information services companies are still clustered in Bangalore.
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第十一页，共42页。
The Theory of External Economies (cont.)
For a variety of reasons, concentrating production of an industry in one or a few locations can reduce the industry’s costs, even if the individual firms in the industry remain small.
External economies may exist for a few reasons:
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第十二页，共42页。
The Theory of External Economies (cont.)
Specialized equipment or services may be needed for the industry, but are only supplied by other firms if the industry is l