文档介绍：如何形成可回答的临床问题(PICO)
背景问题(Background questions):
意指与疾病相关的知识性问题，问题的结构通常包括有带有动词的疑问句(who、what、where、when、 how、why)与疾病。
Whoter derivation, or validated only on split—sample or databases
2c
"Outcomes" Research; Ecological studies
3a
Systematic review of case-control studies
SR of 3b and better studies
3b
Individual Case-Control Study
Non-consecutive study; or without
consistently applied reference standards
4
Case-series
Case-control study, poor or non-independent reference standard
5
Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal, or based on physiology, bench research or "first principles"
Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal, or based on physiology, bench research or "first principles"
Levels of Evidence (March 2009)
Grades of Recommendations
A
Consistent level 1 studies
B
Consistent level 2 or 3 studies or extrapolations from level 1 studies
C
level 4 studies or extrapolations from level 2 or 3 studies
D
level 5 evidence or troublingly inconsistent or inconclusive studies of any level
实证医学相关名词
诊断（Diagnosis）:
假阳性：是指健康的人诊断试验结果为不正常，如同无辜的人
假阴性：是指有病的人诊断试验结果为正常，如同消遥法外的歹徒
将真阳性、假阳性、彳
殳阴性、真阴性分别
以a, b, c, d来表示
Disease (+)生病
Disease (-)健康
Test Result(+)阳性
a真阳性
b假阳性
a+b
Test Result(-)阴性
c假阴性
d真阴性
c+d
a+c