文档介绍：华中科技大学硕士学位论文
摘要
博士论文作为马克思第一部完整的、公开出版的哲学著作, 是青年马克思哲学思
想的历史起点,也是马克思主义哲学的源头和诞生地之所在。认真读解这个胚胎形
式中的作品,对于我们系统的、历史的理解马克思哲学的形成无疑具有十分重要的意
义。
早在博士论文的写作之前,马克思完成了向黑格尔哲学的转向,然而他从一开
始就对黑格尔采取了既崇敬又批判的态度。马克思加入了激进的青年黑格尔派的核
心组织,并成为其中重要的一员。在青年黑格尔派,特别是鲍威尔的影响之下,马
克思对晚期古希腊自我意识哲学进行了研究,完成了题为《德谟克利特的自然哲学
和伊壁鸠鲁的自然哲学的差别》的博士论文。
在博士论文中,马克思细致地考察了德谟克利特和伊壁鸠鲁的自然哲学之间的
差别,批评了德谟克利特否定偶然性存在的决定论或预定论,赞赏伊壁鸠鲁对绝对必
然性的否定和打破必然决定论的偶然选择论,认为后者高扬了人的主体性、自我意识
和自由,把伊壁鸠鲁哲学看作“是理解希腊哲学的真正历史的钥匙”。
博士论文在继承前人思想的基础上,从三个方面进行了理论创新:首先马克思
以自我意识为基石阐发了他的自由思想;其次他在认同黑格尔的基础上,从宗教的
问题,从哲学与现实世界的关系问题,从必然和偶然、必然和自由的关系的问题等
方面体现出了对黑格尔哲学的超越;最后,马克思突破了青年黑格尔派自我意识的
局限性,表现出来一种不可遏制地使哲学得以实现的意向。

关键词:马克思《博士论文》自我意识自由
I
华中科技大学硕士学位论文
Abstract
As the pletely and openly publishing philosophical writings, ‘The Thesis for
the Doctorate’ of Marx is the historic starting point of philosophical thoughts of young
Marx, and it is also the source and birthplace of Marxian philosophy. Undoubtedly, it has
great signification for us prehend systemically and historically the form of Marxian
philosophy, to read and explain the embryo work earnestly.
Before writing ‘The Thesis for the Doctorate’, pleted the turning towards
Hegelian philosophy. From the beginning, he took a regardful and critical attitude to Hegel.
Marx took part in the machine of radical ‘New Hegelians’ and became an important
member of it. Under the influence of ‘New Hegelians’, especially that of Bauer,Marx
researched the self–consciousness of later ancient Greek philosophy, and finished his
thesis for the doctorate, named The difference between Democritus’ nature of philosophy
and Epicurus’ nature of philosophy.
In ‘The Thesis for the Doctorate’ Marx investigated the difference between
Democritus’ nature of philosophy and Epicurus’, criticized the determinism, or
predetermination, of Democritus that denied accidental existence, and appreciated the
denial of absolute inevitability and the accidentalism that broke determinism of Epicurus,